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The Principle Behind the Use of Salts in Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography

Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) is a powerful technique utilized in the purification and separation of...

Principle behind the use of Salts in Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography

Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) is a powerful technique utilized in the purification and separation of...

Surface Plasmon Resonance and its Biosensor / Nanotechnology Applications

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a powerful and versatile analytical technique used extensively in the...

Exploring Nanobodies: Applications, Advancements, and Future Prospects

What are Nanobodies? Nanobodies are type of antibodies derived from camels, smaller than the conventional...

Benefits & Risks of Genetically modified Organisms (GMOs)

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering...

Understanding Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants

Within the intricate dance of cellular processes, oxygen plays a vital role. However, a byproduct...

Counting Cells with Precision: A Guide to Hemocytometer Usage for Researchers, Technicians, and Doctors

Accurately determining cell number is a fundamental technique in various life science disciplines. Whether you’re...

Biomass: Types, Composition, Quantification, Significance in Molecular Biology

What is Biomass? Definition: Biomass refers to the total mass of all living organisms in...

From Spore to Supper: A Guide to Mushroom Cultivation

Mushrooms, the fleshy fruiting bodies of fungi, have captivated humans for centuries. Today, cultivating mushrooms...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer: Applications and Insights

Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is a widely used method for introducing foreign genes into plants. This...

Chromosome Theory of Linkage : Advances

The chromosome theory of linkage is a fundamental concept in genetics that explains how genes...

Molecular Biology Techniques: Biotechnology Research & Development

Biotechnology research relies heavily on various molecular techniques to understand, manipulate, and utilize biological systems...

Multiple Alleles: Examples and Information

The world of genetics is often introduced with the concept of genes having two alleles...

Perceptron Algorithm for Binary Classification: A Beginner’s Guide

The Perceptron algorithm is one of the simplest forms of a neural network used for...

Colony Forming Units [cfu] & Calculations

Colony-forming unit : Microbiological unit estimating viable microbial cells in a sample colony-forming unit (CFU or cfu) is...

Plasma Proteins: Workhorse of Blood Plasma

Plasma Proteins: Introduction Plasma proteins are a diverse group of molecules found in blood plasma...

Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Nucleic Acid Isolation Techniques, Understanding Principles and Applications

Overview of Nucleic Acid Isolation Nucleic acid isolation is a fundamental process in molecular biology...

Molecular Cloning: Basics & Advanced Strategies of in the field of Molecular Biology

Molecular Cloning: Basics & Advanced Strategies in the field of Molecular Biology Molecular cloning is...

Curse of Dimensionality

Curse of Dimensionality As data scientists delve into the world of high-dimensional datasets, they often...

Understanding Reducible and Irreducible Errors in Linear Regression

Linear regression is a powerful statistical tool used to model the relationship between a dependent...

Understanding SDS-PAGE: A Comprehensive Guide for Molecular Biology

Brief Overview of Electrophoresis Electrophoresis is a separation technique based on the movement of charged...

Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Molecular Photocopier Revolutionizing Biology

History and Advancements: The Polymerase Chain Reaction, pioneered by Kary B. Mullis in the 1980s...

Demystifying ROC Curves and AUC: A Comprehensive Guide for Machine Learning Enthusiasts

In the realm of machine learning, evaluating the performance of binary classification models is a...

Clustering: K-means & Hierarchical Clustering

K-means ClusteringK-means clustering is a popular unsupervised machine learning algorithm that partitions a set of...

F1 Score in Machine Learning

In machine learning, the F1 score, also known as the balanced F-score or F-measure, is...

How is KNN different from k-means?

KNN (k-nearest neighbors) and k-means are both machine learning algorithms that are commonly used for...

Moments in Statistics

What are moments in statistics? In statistics, moments are quantitative measures that describe the shape...

Kinetics of antibody response: Primary and Secondary antibody response

The immune system is a sophisticated network that defends the body against pathogens like bacteria...

Hemoglobin Structure Function & its Derivatives – Normal & Abnormal Hem…

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Biosensors- Types and Applications

Biosensor is an analytical device containing an immobilized biological material, which can specifically interact with...

Real Time PCR Controls

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Real Time PCR – Primer Probe Design Consideration

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Real Time PCR Analysis – qPCR Terms

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Taq DNA polymerase and its key features

Taq DNA polymerase is one the important component in the PCR Mastermix. Role of Taq...

How to generate qPCR standard curve in excel – Tutorial

Generating qPCR Standard Curve in Excel & Calculating PCR Efficiency: Plotting standard curve in excel...

Gel Extraction : Principle, Procedure & Tips for Improved Yield

What is Gel Extraction? Gel Extraction or Gel Isolation is a technique used to excise...

Dot Blot Technique: Principle, Procedure & Advantages

What is Dot Blot? Dot Blot is a cheaper, easier and faster technique to detect...

Plastids – Introduction, Classification & Functions

Plastids – Introduction: Plastids are membrane bound organelle found in all plant cells and some...

How to prevent PCR amplicon contamination

PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction is very sensitive technique for the amplification of Nucleic Acids...

Know How the Nucleic Acid Extraction Works

Molecular biology work require DNA / RNA in the first place. Source of Nucleic Acid...

Membrane Vesicular Traffic

There are various small vesicles that transport proteins from one organelle to another. These vesicles...

Base Excision Repair Mechanism

Base Excision Repair Mechanism, is a DNA repair mechanism, where in the altered bases of...

p53 Structure and Function – Cell Cycle Regualtion & Apoptosis

P53 is a tumor suppressor gene, present in eukaryotic cell. Protein encoded by p53 regulates...

DNA Melt Curve Prediction using uMelt

DNA Melt Curve Prediction Using uMelt Got something to say about this post? Leave a...

Transfection – Basics, Principle, Mechanism and Optimization of Mammalian Cell Transfection

Transfection is the process of introduction of foreign DNA into the nucleus of eukaryotic cell...

How does glucometer or Glucose monitoring device work?

Glucose testing is an important part of a diabetic’s daily health care. Without testing, a...

How does pH paper work?

what is pH? pH is the negative logarithm  of Hydrogen  ion concentration. pH = –...

DNA Microarray – Types, Strategies and applications

DNA microarray is a hybridization technique performed in microscopic glass slide with surface modification, anchoring...

Comparison of TAE and TBE Buffers used in Gel Electrophoreis – Advantages & Disadvantages

In molecular biology, TBE and TAE buffers are used for agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis...

DNA Topology – Enzymes and Modes of action on cccDNA

Twist Number: Twist number is equal to the number of times one strand of covalently...

Reverse Transcriptases used in RT-PCR

Reverse Transcription is a process in which RNA is converted to cDNA (complementary DNA). The...

DNA Regulatory Sequence Analysis / DNA Binding Protein Analysis

Gene regulation is a tightly controlled and regulated process. Gene regulation is complex process and...

Serial Dilution of Bacterial culture / Stock solution – Method and Calculation

Serial Dilution is a series of sequential dilution of a substance in solution. How to...

Yeast Two Hybrid System – For Protein – Protein Interaction Studies

Yeast Two Hybrid system uses a reporter gene to detect the interaction of pair of...

DNA Sequencing – Traditional and Next gen Sequencing Methods

DNA sequencing is the process of finding out the exact order of nucleotide present in...

The Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle  Cell Cycle is the process by which a cell and its contents divide...

Estimation of free fatty acids

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon chain. They have a chain of even...

Mechanism of Interaction of Ethidium Bromide with DNA

Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) is an intercalating agent widely used in molecular biology labs as a...

Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography – Theory and Principle

Hydrophobic Interaction chromatography, is a powerful technique for the separation and purification of biomolecules. Hydrophobic...

Protein Protein Docking Using ClusPro

Protein Protein Docking Using ClusPro Got something to say about this post? Leave a comment…your...

Fluorescent Acid Fast Staining Protocol – Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Acid-fast mycobacteria resist decolorization by acid-alcohol after primary staining owing to the high lipid (mycolic...

Electrochemical Detection Methods

There are 3 types of Electrochemical Detection Methods Amperometric Method Potentiometric Method  Conductimetric Method Amperometric...

Western Blot Membrane Types and uses

Western blotting or Immunoblotting, is a well established and widely used technique for the detection...

Ethanol Precipitation of DNA – Principle and Methods

Ethanol Precipitation is a method for purifying or concentrating DNA/RNA from aqueous solutions using Ethanol...

Aptamers – A new class of Oligonucleotides for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Use

Aptamers are oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) having high affinity and specificity in identifying the target...

Estimation of cellulose

Cellulose is most abundant in nature and it is a major structural polysaccharide in plants...

Avidin Biotin System

Avidin – Biotin systems are widely used in biochemical analysis and has got various applications...

Real Time PCR (qPCR) – Fluorescent Primer Probe Based Chemistries

Fluorescent Primer Probe based chemistries are the core of real time pcr (qPCR). The most...

Protein Quantification / Protein Estimation using Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)

The Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate -Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is a technique for the characterization of...

World’s Top 10 Bioenergy Companies

Bio-Energy Bioenergy is the Renewable Energy that is produced from the materials that are derived...

ELISPOT – Procedure / Protocol, Advantages, ELISA Vs ELISPOT

The Enzyme Linked Immunospot (ELISPOT)  technique was developed by Cecil Czerkinskdy in 1983. ELISPOT is...

Oligonucleotide Synthesis: Phosphoramidite Synthetic Method – Problems-Advantages

Oligonucleotide Synthesis – Phosphoramidite Synthetic Method McBride and Caruthers in 1983, developed this method of...

Molecular Beacons for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection

Molecular beacons are short oligonucleotide hybridization probes which can report the presence of specific nucleic...

Immunoprecipitation: Procedure, Analysis and Applications

Immunoprecipitation Immunoprecipitation is a precipitaion technique which allows the isolation of protein or protein complex...

Sequence Alignment and Primer Designing Using Bioedit

BioEdit is a biological sequence alignment editor written for Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP/7. An intuitive multiple document...

Top 10 Blockbuster Drug Molecules!!!!

These molecules made the companies billion dollar worth… Rank: 1 Trade Name: Lipitor  INN: Atrovastatin...

World’s Largest Chromatographic Plant for API Production

Novasep’s New plant on its Mourenx, France site to produce a large volume commercial API...

Do We Have Enough Sustainable Energy Sources??

Reports claims, within three decades global energy demand will increase by 56%.  Due to over-consumption...

Single Use Bioreactor – Types, Advantages & Disadvantanges

A single-use bioreactor (S.U.B) or disposable bioreactor is a bioreactor with a disposable bag instead...

Helicase Dependent Amplification…DNA Amplification Without Thermocycler

Helicase Dependent Amplification (HDA) is an invitro nucleic acid amplificatio method similar to Polymerase Chain...

Tangential Flow Filtration: Membrane Types and Process Parameters

Tangential Flow Filtration is used for clarifying, concentrating and purifying proteins. Filtration is a...

An Insight on Ion Exchange Chromatography

Ion Exchange Chromatography is based on the electrostatic interaction of charged surfaces. Ion Exchange Chromatography...

A Brief note on Chromatographic Process Scale Up

To get the same results as in lab scale these following parameters need to be...

Things to look for in a Hydrophobic Interaction Chroamtography

Things to look for in a Hydrophobic Interaction chroamtography are Purity Speed Resolution Sample viscosity...

Protein Purification : Practice Problems

I am sharing some the questions on protein purification on request by some of the...

Excellent Basic Guide on HPLC

Fundamentals of Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Guide on HPLC Basics Download Fundamentals of Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)...

Steps in Protein Purification

Know properties of your Protein Developing a Strategy for Purification Choosing Suitable method for highest...

DEAE Cellulose Column for Protein Purification

DEAE – Diethyl Amino Ethyl Cellulose columns are used for Protein purification. DEAE cellulose is...

Protein Characterization : Methods & Techniques

Protein Characterization: Protein characterization is primarily focused on the analysis of recombinant proteins for identifying...

Melting Curve Analysis on Real Time PCR

Melting Curve analysis in qPCR is a method of analyzing the dissociation of double stranded...

MIQE Guidelines for representing and analysing qPCR data

MIQE guidelines are a set of guidelines for the analysis and representation of qPCR or...

MIQE Guidelines : RDML Grahical Schema for qPCR data Publications

MIQE refers to Minimum Informaion for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments. The Image below depicts the...

12 Things to rememeber while Setting up a PCR Reaction

12 Things to rememeber while Setting up a PCR Reaction This is a guest post...

Troubleshooting your PCR Reaction

This is a guest post from one of the blog readers. In a PCR reaction...

Importance of Column Packing & Efficiency Calculations

Column Packing is one of the most important step in the chromatographic purification process. A...

TaqMan Assay Vs SYBR Green Assay

Before going into the details of the Assays let’s have some basics on real time...

Top 5 Revolutionary Biotech Innovations

Recombinant DNA Technology: The advent of Recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the biotech and healthcare...

Global Warming: A major Threat on Climate Change – An International Issue

Global Warming: An international issue Global warming has great impact on our economy, health and...

50X TAE Buffer Preparation – Tris Acetic EDTA Buffer

TAE Buffer- Tris Acetic EDTA Buffer TAE Buffer consists of Tris Base, Acetic acid and...

Azocasein Protease Assay

The azocasein protease assay is done for the activity of protease in the culture broth...

New Product Development

New Product Development New Product Development or NPD is the term used to describe the...

Explore your Protein Purification Skills

Explore your Protein Purification Strategies using this Free Online Application developed by Andrew Booth, Faculty...

Line Probe Assay – Rapid MDRTB Screening Assay

Line probe assays (LPAs) for tuberculosis were endorsed by the WHO in 2008 for molecular detection...

Labelling of DNA / RNA

Labelling of DNA & RNA can be done using: Radioactive isotopes Non-Radioactive isotopes commonly used...

Restriction Digestion

Restriction Digestion This is an explanation for performing Restriction Digestion using restriction digestion enzymes, some...

PCR & Site Directed Mutagenesis

PCR – Polymerase chain Reaction Polymerase chain reaction or PCR is a powerful tool for...

Bacterial Growth : Log Optical Density Vs Time is Plotted

Bacterial growth rate can be plotted as follows: Hours after Inoculation OD 550 Log OD...

A Simple Method to find PCR Product length from Primer Sequence

This post describes how to find the ampicon / PCR Product size from primer sequence...

cDNA Library: Application & USes

cDNA is also known as the complementary DNA, produced after the reverse transcription of RNA...

Environmental Pollution: A Major Threat

Pollution is any, physical, chemical or biological changes that adversely affect the health, survival or...

Methanol Production

Methanol is synthetically produced from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. CH4 + CO2 + H2O —...

Sterilization – Autoclaving

An autoclave is a pressurized device designed to heat aqueous solutions above their boiling point to...

Media & pH Optimization For E. Coli in Shake Flask

E. coli is Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic and non-sporulating bacteria. It can live on a wide...

Production of Ethanol by Fermentation

Alcohol, chemically ethanol (C2H5OH) has been produced by fermentation for thousands of years. Microbes used:...

Automated Liquid Handling Systems

Liquid handling systems are instruments which helps in dispensing liquids to the specified locations. Automated...

qPCR Calculations

qPCR or Real time PCR  has got several applications in diagnostics, forensic science and in...

List of Biotech companies in Hyderabad

Albany Molecular Research Centre Pvt Ltd. Hyderabad Anshul Biotechnologies Aurobindo Pharma Ltd Biomax Life Sciences...

Real-time PCR inhibition and poor reaction efficiency

Real time PCR efficiency is one of the critical factor in real time PCR assay...

Antibody Purification Methods

Antibody Prurification Methods Antibody purification is a multistep process by which contaminants of source is...

Gene Therapy & Ethical Issues

What is gene therapy? Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat...

Radial Flow Chromatography (RFC) vs Axial Flow Chromatography (AFC)

Biotechnological processes are advancing day by day and in production scale the volume is going...

Purification of Plasmid DNA using PEG Precipitation

Minipreparations of plasmid DNA can be used as a templates in dideoxy sequencing reactions whose...

Reverse Phase chromatography – Methods and Principle

Reverse Phase chromatography separates proteins and peptides based on the difference in hydrophobicity, Reversible interaction...

A good note on Buffers for Biochemical Reactions

A good note on "Buffers for Biochemical Reactions" from promega. click here to download. Got...

Yeast Culture – cell number, Cell Size – Methods and Calculations

Growth and culturing yeast  Humans have cultured the yeast S. cerevisiae for thousands of years...

DNA Quantification and Quality Analysis

After isolation of DNA, quantification and analysis of quality are necessary to ascertain the approximate...

Easy Method to Clone a PCR Product

Cloning PCR product or amplicon generated  from non-proofreading (no 3′-5′ Exonuclease activity) Taq DNA polymerase...

Notes for Successful Chromatography

Sample Preparation for chromatography Most commonly used technique to clarify the lysate is to centrifuge...

FTA card for DNA Isolation and Storage

FTA Cards are small cards developed to cpature and store DNA from samples.FTA cards are...

Transformation efficiency (CFU/mg):

Test for Transformation Efficiency Use a stock of pUC19 solution (0.01 mg/ml) to determine transformation...

Bacterial Growth Calculation

Bacterial growth is the process of division of one cell to give rise to two...

Analytical Chemistry Basics

Most of the scientists and chemists consider analytical method as tool for their research or...

HLA TYPING – Human Leucocyte Antigen system

HLA – Human Leucocyte Antigen system HLA forms part of the Major Histocompatibiblity Complex (MHC)...

Primer and Probe Design for Real Time PCR – Quantitative Assays:

Primer and probe designing softwares are available online which can aid in easy designing of...

Real time qPCR vs Digital PCR

Detection of low levels of pathogen Low level detection of pathogens can be done using...

Conversion and Calculations of Nucleic Acids and Proteins

Molecular Weights (MW) Average MW RNA nucleotide = 340 DaltonsMW ss RNA = (# nucleotides)...

Good Notes on oligonucleotide Yield, Resuspension, and Storage

Oligonucleotides are short stretch of single stranded DNA or RNA molecules used in genetic testing...

Metric Prefixes and Scientific Notations

A metric prefix is a shorthand notation used to denote very large or vary small...

Pipette calibration : Procedure and Calculations

Principle: Under a constant temperature and atmospheric pressure, the density of distilled water is constant...

Estimation of Biomass in Plant Cell Cultures

Biomass is an important parameter which needs constant monitoring to understand the growth process in...

Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Types, Strength and Weakness Applications

Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are diagnostic assays designed for use at the point-of-care (POC), and...

Composting: Vermicomposting

Composting is the biological degradation of solid organic waste into stable end products. The term compost...

Stratagies to Improve Bactrial Disease Resistance in Plants through Genetic Engineering

1. Production of Anti Bacterial Proteins of Non-Plant Origin Lytic Peptides from Insects Lysozymes Other...

Basics on Plant and Animal Tissue Culture

Animal Cell Culture A wider range of ingredients needed to support survival and proliferation or...

Biogas (Methane) Production, Biogas Plant, Advantages

Biogas When methane is produced by the fermentation of animal dung the gaseous products are...

Strain Improvement – Methods and Applications

STRAIN IMPROVEMENT Several options are open to an industrial microbiology organization seeking to maximize its...

Fermentation Media and its Ideal Characteristics

Characteristics of an Ideal Fermentation media Chemical composition: the production medium must have a suitable...

Different Types of Fermentors / Bioreactors

Different Types of Fermentors / Bioreactors The heart of the fermentation or bioprocess technology is...

Production and Estimation of Pectinase by Aspergillus niger

Purified pectinase is a multicomponent preparation highly effective in de-polymerising plant pectins with varying degree of esterification...

Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger, Estimation of Citric acid

Citric acid is an important organic acid and it was initially being extracted from citrus...

Yoghurt / Yogurt Production: Procedure, Role of bacteria in yoghurt & Therapeutic Value of yoghurt

Yoghurt / Yogurt is a fermented milk with clustered like consistancy, Flavoured or Non-Flavoured product...

Production of Wine from Grapes & Estimation of Percentage of Alcohol, Total Acidity, Volatile Acidity in wine

The making of wine involves the fermentation of soluble sugar of juices of grapes into carbon dioxide...

Bacterial Endotoxin Test (LAL Test): Principle & Advantages

Bacterial Endotoxin Test (LAL Test) The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test is an alternative method...

Immobilized Metal ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) Principle & Applications

Immobilized Metal ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC)- Principle & Applications Affinity Chromatography Principle Affinity chromatography is...

List of Biotechnology companies in Bangalore

List of Biotechnology / Biopharma Companies in Bangalore Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited 29, Villa del...

FLow Cytometery: Principle, Applications & Advantages

Flow Cytometry is a technique for identifying and sorting cells and their components (eg: DNA)...

Disontinous SDS PAGE, Two Phase SDS-PAGE, SDS PAGE Principle

SDS PAGE SDS stands for Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and PAGE stands for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis...

Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment Options, Detection and Treatment

Before going for the advanced prostate cancer treatment options, one need to be properly diagnosed...

Stem Cell Therapy: Regenerative Medicine

What are stem cells and what are the types?? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which...

SIngle Cell Protien (SCP):Process, Applications & Benefits

Single-cell protein (SCP) are dried microbial cells or total protein extracted from pure or mixed cultures...

Ames Test : Test for Mutagenicity

Ames Test is the test for detecting chemical compounds which are suspected to be mutagens...

Cell Disruption / Cell Lysis, Methods & Applications

Cell Disruption / Cell Lysis: Cell Disruption is the method or process for disrupting or...

Hot Start Taq DNA Polymerase, Types, Advantages, Commercially available Hot Start Taq

Taq DNA Polymerase is a thermostable enzyme(Molecular Weight 94 KDa) which is widely used in...

Download Molecular Workbench (MW)

Download Molecular Workbench (MW) Today I would like to share a link for a software...

Biosafety Cabinets (BSC), Classes / Types of Biosafety Cabinets & its Advantages

BIOSAFETY CABINETS / BIOSAFETY HOOD Biosafety cabinet (BSC) also known as Biological Safety cabinets or...

Nucleic Acid Quantification – DNA/RNA Quantification and Analysis

Nucleic Acid Quantification Nucleic acids are quantified to check the concentration and purity of DNA/RNA...

Role of Sample load and Sample volume in chromatography

Sample preparation for the chromatographic separation is an important step in the chromatographic purification process...

Shake Flask Expression Studies / Shake Flask Protein Expression and Analysis

Shake flask expression studies are the initial phase for screening of recombinant clones. Shake flask...

Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) Mechanism of Action

Horse Radish Peroxidase(HRP) is heme-containing protein isolated from wild horse radish roots.HRP catalyzes the transfer...

Normal Phase & Reverse Phase Chromatography

Normal Phase In a very non-polar environment, hydrophilic molecules will tend to associate with each...

Plasmid Extraction / plasmid prep protocol & principle

Plasmids are double stranded, circular, extra chromosomal, self replicating DNA molecules which carry additional genes...

Insulin: Types, Insulin Infusion Pump Advantages, Therapy, Manufacturers & Insurance

Insulin: Insulin is a 51 amino acid (aa) polypeptide hormone essential for normal glucose homeostasis...

Protein Desalting and Concentration

Protein desalting is done to remove salts from a protein solution, the salts may come...

Ouchterlony immunodiffusion / Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (ODD)

Immunological techniques make use of the interaction of antigen and antibodies. Antigen is any foreign...

Fractionation of Phospholipid by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Phospholipids are group of lipid molecules containing phosphorus. The bases contain are choline, ethanolamine, inositol...

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

This is a technique more or less similar to paper chromatography. In thin layer chromatography...

Principle of Isoelectric Focusing (IEF)

Principle of Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) Principle of Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) Isoelectric Focusing or IEF is...

Factors affecting efficiency of Column Chromatography

Factors affecting efficiency of Column Chromatography Factors affecting efficiency of Column Chromatography Efficiency of column...

Matrix or Media used in column chromatography

Column chromatography is technique used to separate compounds of interest from the others using a...

Distribution Coefficient (Kd) in Gel filtration (GF) / Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)

In gel filtration, distribution of particular compound between the inner and outer mobile phase is...

Chromatography Calculations: Resolution of Chromatography Peaks,Bed Volume

Chromatography calculations These are the equations which is used to calculate various things during chromatography...

ELISA Protocol- Types of ELISA- Advantages & Applications of ELISA

ELISA Protocol – Types of ELISA The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) / (EIA) involves coating...

Interference RNA (RNAi),siRNA Transfection, Antisense RNA Technology methods & applications.

Anti Sense RNA During mRNA synthesis DNA strand is transcribed to give messenge RNA (mRNA)...

Solid State Fermentation / Solid Substrate Fermentation

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) or Solid Substrate Fermentation has been defined as the fermentation process occurring...

Principle, Methods & Factors affecting Lyophilization / Freeze Drying

Lyophilization / Freeze Drying is the process of drying a frozen product by creating conditions...

Factors Affecting Protein Stability and Denaturation

Protein Stability Proteins are often fragile molecules that need to be protected during purification and...

Screening Cellulase producers using Congo Red clearing zone assay

Cellulose is a polysaccharide which is made up of 100 to 1000 glucose unit linked...

Western Blot / Protein Immunoblot

Western blotting / Immunoblotting is an analytical technique  used to detect a target protein in...

Bradford Protein Assay | Bradford Test — Protein Estimation

The Bradford protein assay is a colorimetric assay for the determination of protein concentration, It...

Retrovirus (HIV) Replication 3D Animation

HIV Replication Fusion of the HIV cell to the host cell surface. HIV RNA, reverse...

General Terms in Freeze-Drying (Lyophilization)

A Freeze – Dryer (Lyophilizer) Accelerated Storage: Exposure of freeze dried products to elevated temperatures...

Fundamentals of pH & Measurements – A Technical Handbook

pH Meter Image source : Google Images A Technical handbook on pH its Fundamentals, Working...

CFU: Colony Forming Unit & Calculation

colony-forming unit (CFU or cfu) is a measure of viable bacterial or fungal cells. In...

Cryopreservation of Cells and TIssues

Cryopreservation is the process of preserving cells, tissues or other substances by freezing them to...

Ubiquitin: The Ubiquitous Protein and its Importance

Ubiquitin is a small regulatory protein found in the tissues of eukaryotic organisms. Ubiquitin contists...

New Class of Anti Malarial Compound Discovered

A international team led by scientists from the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation...

Multi-Drug Resistance and Detection (MDR TB & XDR TB)

Multi-Drug Resistance and Detection (MDR TB & XDR TB) Antibiotic resistance is a type of...

Genome Editing — A Next Step in Genetic Therapy — Corrects Hemophilia in Animals

Using an innovative gene therapy technique called genome editing that hones in on the precise...

Recombinant Protein Expression In E.coli

Procaryotic systems are well studied and widely used for protein expression, especially E.coli, The major...

Gel Filtration Chromatography (GF) / Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)

Gel Filtration Chromatography (GF) / Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) Gel Filtration Chromatography (GF) / Size...

Ion Exchange Chromatography Principle

Ion Exchange Chromatography is of two types Cation Exchange chromatography and Anion Exchange Chromatography Cation...

Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Principle

Salting Out: There are hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophilic amino acids in protein molecules. After...

Artificial Blood and Controversy

Pharmaceutical companies developed a few varieties of artificial blood in the 1980s and 1990s, but...

Enzyme used in Fruit Juice Industry

One of the major problems in the preparation of fruit juices and wine is cloudiness...

Gateway Cloning

Gateway® Cloning is a universal cloning technique developed by Invitrogen life technologies. Gateway® Cloning Technique...

Cell Immobilization with Calcium Alginate

Objectives To investigate the conversion of glucose to ethanol by entrapped yeast cells in a...

Culture of Yeast for the Production of Heterologous Proteins

This unit describes culture of the yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris for the...

Electroporation: Applications and Protocol

Molecular biology / Genetic Engineering works require a foreign gene or protein material to be...

Basics & Working of a Fermentor

Industrial processes require large vessels for fermentation which can hold huge amounts of nutritive media...

Copy number calculation for QPCR

A serial dilution of linearized plasmid DNA is used to generate a standard curve for...

Bacterial Transformation

1. Pipette 200ul competent cells into each of 3 ice cold Eppendorf tubes. Label the...

Calculating Dilutions

Dilutions can be divided into five categories: 1. To dilute a solution to an unspecified...

Principle of Protein Assays

Principle of Protein Assays – Fc -Lowry -Bradford assays Principle of Protein Assay Numerous spectrophotometric...

Preparation of Competent Cells for Transformation

Inoculate 2ml of LB with a single DH5 colony. Incubate culture overnight at 37oC while...

Scientists Create Stable, Self-Renewing Neural Stem Cells

In a paper published in the April 25 early online edition of the Proceedings of...

SDS PAGE : Protocol

SDS-PAGE – Protocol SDS-PAGE SDS PAGE – Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is an...

Determination of Total Carbohydrate by Anthrone Method

Carbohydrates are the important components of storage and structural materials in the plants.They exist as...

Determination of Glucose by Glucose Oxidase Method

Glucose is a widely distributed simple sugar with an active aldehyde group. Estimation of glucose...

Estimation of Reducing Sugar by Dinitrosalicylic Acid Method

Estimation of Reducing sugar by DNS Method For sugar estimation an alternative to Nelson-Somogyi method...

Determination of Reducing Sugars by Nelson-Somogyi Method

Sugars with reducing property (arising out of the presence of a potential aldehyde or keto...

Chemostat Culture Vs Batch Culture: Microbial Growth and Kinetics

Microbial growth is a fundamental aspect of microbiology, biotechnology, and various industrial processes. Understanding the...

Low cost production of Taxol (Anticancer Drug) in E.coli

Researchers from the Tufts University School of Engineering and  collaborators from MIT  have now engineered...

Structure, Replication, Symptoms, Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment of HIV / AIDS

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Plant Growth Regulators: Plant hormones (also known as plant growth regulators (PGRs) and phytohormones) are...

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Nanotechnology Introduction The term “nanotechnology” has evolved over the years via terminology drift to mean...

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Plant hormones and growth regulators are chemicals that affect flowering; aging; root growth; distortion and...

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Vectors are the DNA molecules onto to which f.DNA can be cloned. There are two...

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AIM:* To autoclave the 5L – Fermenter.* To inoculate the required volume of the shaker...

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Media:1. Media suitable for the growth of Pichia pastoris was prepared. For this culture Tryptone...